Holocene climatic variations—Their pattern and possible cause   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

George H. Denton  Wibjörn Karlén 《Quaternary Research》1973,3(2):155-205

In the northeastern St. Elias Mountains in southern Yukon Territory and Alaska, C¹⁴-dated fluctuations of 14 glacier termini show two major intervals of Holocene glacier expansion, the older dating from 3300-2400 calendar yr BP and the younger corresponding to the Little Ice Age of the last several centuries. Both were about equivalent in magnitude. In addition, a less-extensive and short-lived advance occurred about 1250-1050 calendar yr BP (A.D. 700–900). Conversely, glacier recession, commonly accompanied by rise in altitude of spruce tree line, occurred 5975–6175, 4030-3300, 2400-1250, and 1050-460 calendar yr BP, and from A.D. 1920 to the present. Examination of worldwide Holocene glacier fluctuations reinforces this scheme and points to a third major interval of glacier advances about 5800-4900 calendar yrs BP; this interval generally was less intense than the two younger major intervals. Finally, detailed mapping and dating of Holocene moraines fronting 40 glaciers in the Kebnekaise and Sarek Mountains in Swedish Lapland reveals again that the Holocene was punctuated by repeated intervals of glacier expansion that correspond to those found in the St. Elias Mountains and elsewhere. The two youngest intervals, which occurred during the Little Ice Age and again about 2300–3000 calendar yrs BP, were approximately equal in intensity. Advances of the two older intervals, which occurred approximately 5000 and 8000 calendar yr BP, were generally less extensive. Minor glacier fluctuations were superimposed on all four broad expansion intervals; those of the Little Ice Age culminated about A.D. 1500–1640, 1710, 1780, 1850, 1890, and 1916. In the mountains of Swedish Lapland, Holocene mean summer temperature rarely, if ever, was lower than 1°C below the 1931–1960 summer mean and varied by less than 3.5°C over the last two broad intervals of Holocene glacial expansion and contraction.Viewed as a whole, therefore, the Holocene experienced alternating intervals of glacier expansion and contraction that probably were superimposed on the broad climatic trends recognized in pollen profiles and deep-sea cores. Expansion intervals lasted up to 900 yr and contraction intervals up to 1750 yr. Dates of glacial maxima indicate that the major Holocene intervals of expansion peaked at about 200–330, 2800, and 5300 calendar yr BP, suggesting a recurrence of major glacier activity about each 2500 yr. If projected further into the past, this Holocene pattern predicts that alternating glacier expansion-contraction intervals should have been superimposed on the Late-Wisconsin glaciation, with glacier readvances peaking about 7800, 10,300, 12,800, and 15,300 calendar yr BP. These major readvances should have been separated by intervals of general recession, some of which might have been punctuated by short-lived advances. Furthermore, the time scales of Holocene events and their Late-Wisconsin analogues should be comparable. Considering possible errors in C¹⁴ dating, this extended Holocene scheme agrees reasonably well with the chronology and magnitude of such Late-Wisconsin events as the Cochrane-Cockburn readvance (8000–8200 C¹⁴ yr BP), the Pre-Boreal interstadial, the Fennoscandian readvances during the Younger Dryas stadial (10,850-10,050 varve yr BP), the Alleröd interstadial (11,800-10,900 C¹⁴ yr BP), the Port Huron readvance (12,700–13,000 C¹⁴ yr BP), the Cary/Port Huron interstadial (centered about 13,300 C¹⁴ yr BP), and the Cary stadial (14,000–15,000 C¹⁴ yr BP). Moreover, comparison of presumed analogues such as the Little Ice Age and the Younger Dryas, or the Alleröd and the Roman Empire-Middle Ages warm interval, show marked similarities. These results suggest that a recurring pattern of minor climatic variations, with a dominant overprint of cold intervals peaking about each 2500 yr, was superimposed on long-term Holocene and Late-Wisconsin climatic trends. Should this pattern continue to repeat itself, the Little Ice Age will be succeeded within the next few centuries by a long interval of milder climates similar to those of the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.Short-term atmospheric C¹⁴ variations measured from tree rings correlate closely with Holocene glacier and tree-line fluctuations during the last 7000 yr. Such a correspondence, firstly, suggests that the record of short-term C¹⁴ variations may be an empirical indicator of paleoclimates and, secondly, points to a possible cause of Holocene climatic variations. The most prominent explanation of short-term C¹⁴ variations involves modulation of the galactic cosmic-ray flux by varying solar corpuscular activity. If this explanation proves valid and if the solar constant can be shown to vary with corpuscular output, it would suggest that Holocene glacier and climatic fluctuations, because of their close correlation with short-term C¹⁴ variations, were caused by varying solar activity. By extension, this would imply a similar cause for Late-Wisconsin climatic fluctuations such as the Alleröd and Younger Dryas.  相似文献   

On the seismic phasesP n andS n as recorded in Fennoscandia     

Reidar Kanestrøm 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1972,97(1):37-43

Summary P _n velocities determined from seismic refraction measurements, show significant differences between Southern Finland (7.96 km/sec) and Southeastern Norway (8.20 km/sec). TheP _n/S_n velocity ratios (k) were determined from earthquake and explosion data, and the observed variation ofk indicates lateral variations in theP _n and/orS _n velocities in Fennoscandia.  相似文献   

Eine neue Darstellung der Seismizität unter Berücksichtigung des Herdvolumens     

Richard Maaz  Wolfgang Ullmann  Rezensent V. Kárník 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1972,16(3):221-229

Summary The projective seismicity of a single earthquake results from the local seismicity of the concerned quake. For the focal region a spherical and a cylindrical model are discussed. The volume of the focal region is identified with the focal volume. For calculation of the radius of both the sphere and the cylinder a common formula based on the Båth and Duda relation between the focal volume and the magnitude of an earthquake is used.

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Mitteilung Nr. 207 aus dem Zentralinstitut Physik der Erde der DAW zu Berlin, Institutsteil Jena.  相似文献   

Standardization of the earthquake magnitude scale   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

V. Kárník  N. V. Kondorskaya  Ju. V. Riznitchenko  E. F. Savarensky  S. L. Soloviev  N. V. Shebalin  J. Vanek  A. Zátopek 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1962,6(1):41-48

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Treatment of Domestic sewage in lagoons     

O. Malchow-Møller  G. J. Bonde  E. Fjerdingstad 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1955,17(1):98-122

Summary At Fuglebjerg, County of Soroe, South Zeeland (about 1000 inhabitants) a sewage treatment plant, consisting of three lagoons in series, has been installed in an empty gravel pit. The plant has been in use since May 1952 and has produced a most satisfactory effluent. Two times a year, chemical, bacteriological, and biological examinations have been performed, besides occasional more restricted investigations. The bacteriological examinations have chiefly taken into consideration, the reduction in counts of faecal bacteria, of whichE. coli is diminished considerably,Str. faecalis, and especiallyCl. welchii much less. The special value of the two last mentioned organisms as indicators of the efficiency of purification and the condition in the receiving streams is stressed. As regards the change in microflora in the course of treatment, a variation takes place from polysaprobic micro-communities characterized bybacteria andflagellates via α-mesosaprobic zones (flagellates andblue-green algae) to β-mesosaprobic conditions dominated bydiatoms.  相似文献   

Doppler-shifted auroral H <beta> emission: a comparison between observations and calculations     

F. Søraas  K. Måseide  P. Torheim  K. Aarsnes 《Annales Geophysicae》1994,12(10-11):1052-1064

Two sounding rockets equipped with photometers and particle detectors have been flown into proton auroras. The measured altitude dependence of the proton flux is compared with calculations based upon known energy-range relations for protons in air. Expressions suitable for numerical calculations of Doppler profiles at arbitrary angles to the geomagnetic field and at different heights within an aurora are developed. Profiles due to some typical proton spectra have been calculated and it is shown that altitude profiles at some wavelengths are more sensitive to the shape of the proton spectrum than are profiles at other wavelengths. Variations in the H <beta> Doppler profile versus height for several angles with the magnetic field is studied. Profiles, as generated by the actually measured protons in the energy range 1 keV to 1 MeV, have been calculated and are compared with direct optical measurements made by ground and rocket photometers. The rocket photometers took measurements at different wavelengths within the Doppler profile. The correspondence between calculations and measurements is generally good. The total H <beta> is calculated and fair agreement with the measured intensity is found.  相似文献   

Diversity of 1.8 Ga potassic granitoids along the edge of the Archaean craton in northern Scandinavia: a result of melt formation at various depths and from various sources     

Bjrn hlander  Torbjrn Skild 《Lithos》1994,33(4):265-283

The edge of the Archaean craton in northern Scandinavia had been intensively reworked during the Svecofennian orogeny 1.93-1.86 Ga ago and was subsequently intruded by potassic granitoids of 1.79–1.80 Ga age. Despite similar or even identical ages and overlapping areas of occurrence, these rocks belong to two different groups, the Edefors and Lina granitoids, which have contrasting geochemistries and Sm---Nd isotopic characteristics. The Edefors granitoids range from syenites to granites, and are alkali-rich and distinctly metaluminous. They crystallized from dry magmas. This is indicated by the scarcity of pegmatites and aplites. The contacts to older rocks are often distinct, but gradual transitions to Lina-type granitoids are common. The Edefors granitoids have high contents of Zr but not of elements such as Y, REE, Ta and Nb, and have low Mg/Mg+Fe ratios. They also frequently have positive Eu anomalies, even in the quartz rich varieties. Initial ε_Nd values range from −2.1 to +1.4, indicating that the Edefors granitoids were formed by the mixing of mantle-derived magmas and continental crustal materials. The amount of crustal component was probably less than 35% in most cases. The Lina granitoids are accompanied by abundant pegmatites and aplites. Ghost structures and remnants of country rock are common. True granites predominate, but also quartz monzonites occur. The content of HFS elements is low and the Mg/Mg+Fe ratios are higher than in the Edefors granitoids. Initial ε_Nd values range from −9.3 to −3.7, reflecting a significant portion of Archaean Nd in the source materials. The Lina granitoids are largely the result of remobilisation of continental crust with a small input of juvenile material. However, the dominant source for these crustally derived granitoids are c. 1.9 Ga old granitoids. These carry a large proportion of Archaean Nd. The most probable environment of the formation of potassic migmatite granitoids, such as the Lina type, is a collision zone between two masses of felsic crust (e.g. arc-continent or continent-continent), but the details of such a collision in the Baltic Shield remain to evaluated. The formation of the Edefors granitoids could have been associated with an extensional zone developed due to delamination caused by separation of the down-dip oceanic lithosphere from the continental lithosphere.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal dynamics of suspended particles and E. coli in a complex surface-water and karst groundwater system as a basis for an adapted water protection scheme,northern Vietnam     

Richter  Dominik  Goeppert  Nadine  Zindler  Björn  Goldscheider  Nico 《Hydrogeology Journal》2021,29(5):1965-1978

Karst aquifers in subtropical regions are characterized by high variability of water availability and quality due to changes associated with rainy and dry seasons. An additional challenge for water management is the combination of surface-water and karst groundwater systems since high spatiotemporal dynamics cause high variability of water quality. In these cases, adapted protection strategies are required. In this study, a protection approach for the catchment of a river-water diversion point in a rural area in northern Vietnam is developed. The variability of water quality was evaluated by rainy and dry season synoptic surveys of suspended particles and microbial contamination at 49 sites and time series at three sets of paired sites under constant hydraulic conditions. The anthropogenic land-use activities in the catchment were mapped to identify potential contamination sources and to highlight the challenging combination of surface-water and karst groundwater management. The analyzed data indicate differences in water quality between the dry and rainy seasons and a higher influence on water quality from land use than from hydrologic conditions. Furthermore, the results suggest a high risk of contamination resulting from residential areas, agriculture, and livestock farming, and reveal the necessity of implementation of appropriate measures such as restricted farming and the hook-up of buildings to municipal sewage disposal. Finally, the data show that water quality can be improved by adjusting water withdrawals by the time of day. The applied methods can be transferred to other surface-water and karst groundwater systems in similar subtropical environments.

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Narratives of nineteenth century drought in southern Africa in different historical source types     

Nash  David J.  Klein  Jørgen  Endfield  Georgina H.  Pribyl  Kathleen  Adamson  George C. D.  Grab  Stefan W. 《Climatic change》2019,152(3-4):467-485

Climatic Change - Single- to multiple-year drought episodes posed significant challenges for agrarian communities across southern Africa during the nineteenth century and hence are widely recorded...  相似文献   

Coil response inversion for very early time modelling of helicopter‐borne time‐domain electromagnetic data and mapping of near‐surface geological layers     

Cyril Schamper  Esben Auken  Kurt Sørensen 《Geophysical Prospecting》2014,62(3):658-674

Very early times in the order of 2–3 μs from the end of the turn‐off ramp for time‐domain electromagnetic systems are crucial for obtaining a detailed resolution of the near‐surface geology in the depth interval 0–20 m. For transient electromagnetic systems working in the off time, an electric current is abruptly turned off in a large transmitter loop causing a secondary electromagnetic field to be generated by the eddy currents induced in the ground. Often, however, there is still a residual primary field generated by remaining slowly decaying currents in the transmitter loop. The decay disturbs or biases the earth response data at the very early times. These biased data must be culled, or some specific processing must be applied in order to compensate or remove the residual primary field. As the bias response can be attributed to decaying currents with its time constantly controlled by the geometry of the transmitter loop, we denote it the ‘Coil Response’. The modelling of a helicopter‐borne time‐domain system by an equivalent electronic circuit shows that the time decay of the coil response remains identical whatever the position of the receiver loop, which is confirmed by field measurements. The modelling also shows that the coil response has a theoretical zero location and positioning the receiver coil at the zero location eliminates the coil response completely. However, spatial variations of the coil response around the zero location are not insignificant and even a few cm deformation of the carrier frame will introduce a small coil response. Here we present an approach for subtracting the coil response from the data by measuring it at high altitudes and then including an extra shift factor into the inversion scheme. The scheme is successfully applied to data from the SkyTEM system and enables the use of very early time gates, as early as 2–3 μs from the end of the ramp, or 5–6 μs from the beginning of the ramp. Applied to a large‐scale airborne electromagnetic survey, the coil response compensation provides airborne electromagnetic methods with a hitherto unseen good resolution of shallow geological layers in the depth interval 0–20 m. This is proved by comparing results from the airborne electromagnetic survey to more than 100 km of Electrical Resistivity Tomography measured with 5 m electrode spacing.  相似文献